Systems and methods for mechanical displacement of an esophagus

ABSTRACT

An example assembly for use with a vacuum system and an esophageal positioning device esophageal positioning device includes an introducer, in which the esophageal positioning device includes a first segment and a second segment. The second segment is pivotally connected to the first segment. A gap portion of an outer tube of the introducer is defined along a longitudinal axis between a tube tip of the introducer and the distal end of the second segment of the esophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device is disposed within the introducer. The gap portion defines one or more radial vacuum holes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to medical devices and methods for vacuumsuction adherence of the esophagus coupled with mechanical displacementof an esophagus of a patient.

BACKGROUND

It has been projected that, the number of patients experiencing atrialfibrillation (“AF”) will increase to 10 million in 20 years. The cost oftreating a patient with AF ranges from $2,000 U.S. to over $10,000 U.S.each year. The most effective and expanding method of treating AF iswith a procedure called catheter ablation. Catheter ablation is designedto deliver energy (for example, radiofrequency and cryoenergy) through acatheter that is placed in the left atrium of the heart. The ablationresults in destruction of the heart cells. The areas of the heart thatare targeted for ablation are the areas that cause AF. These areas inthe left atrium lie within 2-4 millimeters of the esophagus, thus amajor concern is that energy from the ablation catheter can radiateforward and injure the esophagus. In the United States, approximately103,000 AF ablation procedures are performed each year, and anadditional 57,000 procedures are performed outside the U.S. A seriouscomplication of an AF ablation procedure is injury to the esophagus thatresults in an atrial-esophageal fistula. This communication between theesophagus and the heart occurs because the ablation energy inflames theheart and the esophagus. The subsequent healing results in ahole/communication between the heart (a sterile organ) and the esophagus(not sterile organ). This communication may result in an infection ofthe heart and stroke. An atrial-esophageal fistula occurs in about 0.6%of patients and the outcome is nearly always fatal or associated withsignificant morbidity. Furthermore, the precursor to anatrial-esophageal fistula is ulcers in the esophagus, which are also dueto injury of the esophagus and occurs in about 30% of patients. Henceelectrophysiologists, physicians who perform the ablation procedure, arequite concerned about preventing damage to the esophagus and to avoidatrial-esophageal fistula.

Conventional therapy includes inserting a device into the esophagus tomonitor temperature and to abort delivery of ablation energy once thereis a change in luminal esophageal temperature. However, these devicesare unable to displace the esophagus away from the energy source of theablation and thus do not offer an active protective mechanism to guardagainst injury to the esophagus.

Therefore, improved systems for displacing an esophagus are needed so toreduce the risk of injury to the esophagus.

SUMMARY

Provided are devices, systems, and methods for vacuum suction adherenceand mechanical displacement of an esophagus. In particular, disclosedare assemblies for use with a vacuum system and an esophagealpositioning device. Disclosed as well are mechanical esophagealdisplacement systems, and methods of use.

The esophagus is a flexible muscular organ and is often moved duringmedical procedures. If mere mechanical force is applied to move theesophagus, tenting of the esophagus may result rather than actualmovement and displacement of a region of the organ. More specifically,the mechanical force will displace the leading edge of the esophagealwall, but the trailing edge of the esophageal wall will move only asmall distance, if any. The resulting tenting of the esophagus fails toprovide protective benefit from the mechanical displacement. The systemsdisclose herein utilize suction vacuum to apply a uniform force to theesophagus to pull the esophageal wall in and adhere the esophageal wallsin a circumferential manner. Under this physiologic condition, alongwith application of a mechanical force, the entire circumferentialsegment of the esophagus is displaced and there is no lagging ortrailing edge of the esophagus. In general, the esophagus follows thedirectional changes of the esophageal positioning device via theassembly. This directional change can be easily visualized by thephysician on the x-ray equipment via the use of radiopaque markers. Thevisualization provides immediate feedback to the physician. By movingthe esophagus outside the ablation field, the AF procedure can proceedrelatively safely without risk of damage to the esophagus, and theoperator can ablate the targeted areas with confidence without concernfor esophageal damage.

An example assembly includes an introducer for use with a vacuum systemand an esophageal positioning device esophageal positioning device. Theesophageal positioning device includes a handle, a first segment, asecond segment, and an articulation driving mechanism. The first segmentbeing coupled to the handle. The second segment being pivotallyconnected to the first segment. The articulation driving mechanism beingconfigured to pivot the second segment about the first segment uponarticulation. In some embodiments, the second segment is sized todisplace the esophageal wall by about 4 centimeters upon articulation.

The introducer of the example assembly includes a soft cyclical outertube, and a tube tip. The soft outer tube being sized to pass through amouth or nasal passage into an esophagus, in which the soft outer tubeincludes a distal end, a proximal end, a lumen, and a body. The body ofthe outer tube includes a perforated outer surface, and one or moreinternal vacuum passages that extend a distance from the proximal endtowards the distal end within the body of the outer tube. In someembodiments, the perforated outer surface includes a plurality of vacuumholes spaced circumferentially around, and extending radially from, thesoft outer tube. Because the plurality of vacuum holes are spacedcircumferentially around the soft outer tube, the plurality of vacuumholes are located on multiple sides of the tube and can suction theesophagus from multiple directions. The one or more internal vacuumpassages are in fluid communication with the plurality of vacuum holesto apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall via the vacuum system. The tubetip is located at the distal end of the outer tube.

An example mechanical esophageal displacement system includes anassembly and an esophageal positioning device, in which the assembly isoperatively coupleable to a vacuum system. The assembly comprises anintroducer that includes a soft cyclical outer tube, and a tube tip. Thesoft outer tube being sized to pass through a mouth or nasal passageinto an esophagus, in which the soft outer tube includes a distal end, aproximal end, a lumen, and a body. The body of the outer tube includes aperforated outer surface and one or more internal vacuum passages thatextend a distance from the proximal end towards the distal end withinthe body of the outer tube. In some embodiments, the perforated outersurface includes a plurality of vacuum holes spaced circumferentiallyaround, and extending radially from, the soft outer tube. Because theplurality of vacuum holes are spaced circumferentially around the softouter tube, the plurality of vacuum holes are located on multiple sidesof the tube and can suction the esophagus from multiple directions. Theone or more internal vacuum passages are in fluid communication with theplurality of vacuum holes to apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall viathe vacuum system. The tube tip being located at the distal end of theouter tube.

The esophageal positioning device of the example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system includes a handle, a first segment, a secondsegment, and an articulation driving mechanism. The first segment beingcoupled to the handle. The second segment being pivotally connected tothe first segment. The articulation driving mechanism being configuredto pivot the second segment about the first segment upon articulation.

An example method of using a mechanical esophageal displacement systemincludes inserting an assembly into an esophagus of a patient via amouth or nasal passage. The assembly includes an introducer having asoft cyclical outer tube, a vacuum port, and a tube tip. The soft outertube being sized to pass through a mouth or nasal passage into anesophagus, in which the soft outer tube includes a distal end, aproximal end, a lumen, and a body. The body of the outer tube includes aperforated outer surface and one or more internal vacuum passages thatextend a distance from the proximal end towards the distal end withinthe body of the outer tube. In some embodiments, the perforated outersurface includes a plurality of vacuum holes spaced circumferentiallyaround, and extending radially from, the soft outer tube. Because theplurality of vacuum holes are spaced circumferentially around the softouter tube, the plurality of vacuum holes are located on multiple sidesof the tube and can suction the esophagus from multiple directions. Theone or more internal vacuum passages are in fluid communication with theplurality of vacuum holes to apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall viathe vacuum system. The tube tip being located at the distal end of theouter tube. The vacuum port includes a vacuum port body, a vacuum linehook up, and a vacuum port cap.

Various implementations include an assembly including an introducer. Theassembly is for use with a vacuum system and an esophageal positioningdevice. The esophageal positioning device includes a first segment and asecond segment. The first segment has a central axis, and the secondsegment has a proximal end pivotally connected to the first segment anda distal end opposite and spaced apart from the proximal end. The secondsegment is pivotable about the first segment between a first positionand a second position upon articulation. The distal end of the secondsegment is disposed along the central axis in the first position, andthe distal end of the second segment is displaced from the central axisin the second position.

The introducer is sized to receive the esophageal positioning device.The introducer includes a soft outer tube and a tube tip. The soft outertube is sized to pass through a mouth or nasal passage into anesophagus. The soft outer tube includes a longitudinal axis, a distalend, a proximal end, and a body. The body defines a plurality of radialvacuum holes spaced circumferentially around the longitudinal axis. Theplurality of radial vacuum holes are in fluid communication with thevacuum system to apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall. The tube tip islocated at the distal end of the outer tube.

A gap portion of the outer tube is defined along the longitudinal axisbetween the tube tip of the introducer and the distal end of the secondsegment of the esophageal positioning device when the esophagealpositioning device is disposed within the introducer. The gap portiondefines one or more of the radial vacuum holes. The distal end of thesecond segment remains a same distance from the proximal end of thesecond segment in the first position and the second position.

In some implementations, the gap portion defines a higher density ofradial vacuum holes than any other portion of the body of theintroducer.

In some implementations, a density of radial vacuum holes is highestadjacent the distal end of the outer tube, and the density of radialvacuum holes gradually decreases along the longitudinal axis in adirection from the distal end of the outer tube toward the proximal endof the outer tube.

In some implementations, the body of the outer tube has an end portionas measured along the longitudinal axis from the tube tip to the pivotalconnection between the first segment and the second segment of theesophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device isdisposed within the introducer. Only the end portion of the body of theouter tube defines the plurality of radial vacuum holes.

In some implementations, a length of the gap portion of the outer tubeas measured along the longitudinal axis is from 10 mm to 30 mm. In someimplementations, the length of the gap portion of the outer tube asmeasured along the longitudinal axis is 28 mm. In some implementations,a length of the second segment is 40 mm or more.

In some implementations, the introducer further includes one or moreeyelets extending radially outward from the outer tube. Each of the oneor more eyelets defines an eyelet opening and the eyelet openings ofeach of the one or more eyelets are axially aligned with each otheralong the outer tube.

In some implementations, the introducer further includes one or moreocclusion balloons extending radially outward from the outer tube. Theone or more occlusion balloons are inflatable. In some implementations,the one or more occlusion balloons include a first occlusion balloon anda second occlusion balloon. The first occlusion balloon is disposed atthe distal end of the outer tube, and the second occlusion balloon isdisposed at a portion of the outer tube that is adjacent the pivotalconnection between the first segment and the second segment of theesophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device isdisposed within the introducer.

Various other implementations include a mechanical esophagealdisplacement system including an assembly. The assembly includes anintroducer and an esophageal positioning device. The assembly isoperatively coupled to a vacuum system.

The introducer is sized to receive an esophageal positioning device. Theintroducer includes a soft outer tube and a tube tip. The soft outertube is sized to pass through a mouth or nasal passage into anesophagus. The soft outer tube includes a longitudinal axis, a distalend, a proximal end, and a body. The body defines a plurality of radialvacuum holes spaced circumferentially around the longitudinal axis. Theplurality of radial vacuum holes are in fluid communication with thevacuum system to apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall. The tube tip islocated at the distal end of the outer tube.

The esophageal positioning device includes a first segment and a secondsegment. The second segment has a central axis, a proximal end pivotallyconnected to the first segment, and a distal end opposite and spacedapart from the proximal end. The second segment is pivotable about thefirst segment between a first position and a second position uponarticulation.

A gap portion of the outer tube is defined along the longitudinal axisbetween the tube tip of the introducer and the distal end of the secondsegment of the esophageal positioning device when the esophagealpositioning device is disposed within the introducer. The gap portiondefines one or more of the radial vacuum holes. The second segmentincludes a distal band laminate assembly housing a plurality of distalbands in which the distal ends of the bands are slidable along thecentral axis relative to each other.

In some implementations, the gap portion defines a higher density ofradial vacuum holes than any other portion of the body of theintroducer.

In some implementations, a density of radial vacuum holes is highestadjacent the distal end of the outer tube, and the density of radialvacuum holes gradually decreases along the longitudinal axis in adirection from the distal end of the outer tube toward the proximal endof the outer tube.

In some implementations, the body of the outer tube has an end portionas measured along the longitudinal axis from the tube tip to the pivotalconnection between the first segment and the second segment of theesophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device isdisposed within the introducer. Only the end portion of the body of theouter tube defines the plurality of radial vacuum holes.

In some implementations, a length of the gap portion of the outer tubeas measured along the longitudinal axis is from 10 mm to 30 mm. In someimplementations, the length of the gap portion of the outer tube asmeasured along the longitudinal axis is 28 mm. In some implementations,length of the second segment is 40 mm or more.

In some implementations, the introducer further includes one or moreeyelets extending radially outward from the outer tube. Each of the oneor more eyelets defines an eyelet opening, and the eyelet openings ofeach of the one or more eyelets are axially aligned with each otheralong the outer tube.

In some implementations, the introducer further includes one or moreocclusion balloons extending radially outward from the outer tube. Theone or more occlusion balloons are inflatable. In some implementations,the one or more occlusion balloons include a first occlusion balloon anda second occlusion balloon. The first occlusion balloon is disposed atthe distal end of the outer tube, and the second occlusion balloon isdisposed at a portion of the outer tube that is adjacent the pivotalconnection between the first segment and the second segment of theesophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device isdisposed within the introducer.

Various other implementations include a method of using a mechanicalesophageal displacement system. The method includes inserting anassembly described above into an esophagus of a patient via a mouth ornasal passage, coupling a vacuum system to the vacuum line hook up ofthe introducer, advancing an esophageal positioning device describedabove through the outer tube of the introducer, engaging the vacuumsystem to adhere a portion of the outer tube to an esophageal wall, andarticulating the second segment about the first segment a selected anglefrom the first position to the second position.

In some implementations, the gap portion defines a higher density ofradial vacuum holes than any other portion of the body of theintroducer.

In some implementations, a density of radial vacuum holes is highestadjacent the distal end of the outer tube, and the density of radialvacuum holes gradually decreases along the longitudinal axis in adirection from the distal end of the outer tube toward the proximal endof the outer tube.

In some implementations, the body of the outer tube has an end portionas measured along the longitudinal axis from the tube tip to the pivotalconnection between the first segment and the second segment of theesophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device isdisposed within the introducer. Only the end portion of the body of theouter tube defines the plurality of radial vacuum holes.

In some implementations, a length of the gap portion of the outer tubeas measured along the longitudinal axis is from 10 mm to 30 mm. In someimplementations, the length of the gap portion of the outer tube asmeasured along the longitudinal axis is 28 mm. In some implementations,a length of the second segment is 40 mm or more.

In some implementations, the introducer further includes one or moreeyelets extending radially outward from the outer tube. Each of the oneor more eyelets defines an eyelet opening, and the eyelet openings ofeach of the one or more eyelets are axially aligned with each otheralong the outer tube.

In some implementations, the introducer further includes one or moreocclusion balloons extending radially outward from the outer tube. Theone or more occlusion balloons are inflatable. In some implementations,the one or more occlusion balloons include a first occlusion balloon anda second occlusion balloon. The first occlusion balloon is disposed atthe distal end of the outer tube, and the second occlusion balloon isdisposed at a portion of the outer tube that is adjacent the pivotalconnection between the first segment and the second segment of theesophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device isdisposed within the introducer.

The example method further includes advancing an esophageal positioningdevice through the outer tube of the introducer, in which the esophagealpositioning device includes a handle, a first segment, a second segment,and an articulation driving mechanism. The first segment being coupledto the handle. The second segment being pivotally connected to the firstsegment. The articulation driving mechanism being configured to pivotthe second segment about the first segment upon articulation.

The example method further includes snapping the handle of theesophageal positioning device to the vacuum port cap of the introducer,engaging the vacuum system to adhere a portion of the outer tube to anesophageal wall, and articulating the articulation driving mechanism topivot the second segment about the first segment to a selected angle.

The details of one or more embodiments of the disclosure are set forthin the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from thedescription, drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

To facilitate an understanding of and for the purpose of illustratingthe present disclosure, exemplary features and implementations aredisclosed in the accompanying drawings, it being understood, however,that the present disclosure is not limited to the precise arrangementsand instrumentalities shown, and wherein similar reference charactersdenote similar elements throughout the several views, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an example assembly of the mechanicalesophageal displacement system of FIG. 1 in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 3 is a perspective, zoomed in view, of a portion of the assembly ofFIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is cross sectional view of the mechanical esophageal displacementsystem of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is zoomed in view of a portion of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view a portion of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view a portion of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is perspective view of an example esophageal positioning deviceof the mechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 10 is a perspective, zoomed in view, of a portion of the esophagealpositioning device of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a side view of the portion of the esophageal positioningdevice of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a top view of the portion of the esophageal positioningdevice of FIG. 10;

FIG. 13 is an illustrative diagram of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1, in which the view shows the mechanicalesophageal displacement system being advanced down the esophagus of apatient;

FIG. 14 is an illustrative diagram of a proximal band laminate assemblyof the mechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 1 in accordancewith the present disclosure, in which the view shows force being appliedto the proximal band laminate assembly in the direction of theesophageal pathway;

FIG. 15 is another illustrative diagram of a proximal band laminateassembly of the mechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 1 inaccordance with the present disclosure, in which the view shows forcebeing applied in a direction normal to the direction of the esophagealpathway;

FIG. 16 shows a top view of a portion of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1, in which the view shows an esophagealpositioning device being positioned in a first angular orientation;

FIG. 17 is a top, zoomed in, view of the portion of the esophagealpositioning device of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 shows a top view of a portion the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1, in which the view shows an esophagealpositioning device being positioned in a straight orientation;

FIG. 19 shows a top view of a portion of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1, in which the view shows an esophagealpositioning device being positioned in a second angular orientation;

FIG. 20 is a top, zoomed in, view of the portion of the esophagealpositioning device of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a top of a portion of the esophageal positioning device ofthe mechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 1 in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIG. 22 is perspective view of the handle of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 23 is perspective view of the internal components of the handle ofthe mechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 24 is a side, cross sectional view of the internal components ofthe handle of FIG. 23;

FIG. 25 is a cross sectional view of another example assembly of themechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 26 is a top view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 27 is a perspective, zoomed in view of the example mechanicalesophageal displacement system of FIG. 26;

FIG. 28 is a top, zoomed in view of the example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 26

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of an example assembly of the mechanicalesophageal displacement system of FIG. 29;

FIG. 31 is perceptive, cross sectional view of a portion of portion ofthe mechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 29;

FIG. 32 is a front view of a portion of portion of the mechanicalesophageal displacement system of FIG. 29;

FIG. 33 is a perceptive view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 34 is a perceptive, cross sectional view of another examplemechanical esophageal displacement system in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 37 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIG. 40 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 42 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIG. 43 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIG. 44 is a side view of a mechanical esophageal displacement,according to another implementation;

FIG. 45 is a side view of a mechanical esophageal displacement,according to another implementation; and

FIG. 46 is a side view of a mechanical esophageal displacement,according to another implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following is a description of several illustrations of the subjectmatter of Applicant's invention. Certain terminology is used herein forconvenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the presentinvention. In the drawings, the same reference numbers are employed fordesignating the same elements throughout the several figures. A numberof examples are provided, nevertheless, it will be understood thatvarious modifications can be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the disclosure herein. As used in the specification, and in theappended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term“comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymouslywith the term “including” and variations thereof and are open,non-limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” havebeen used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consistingessentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising”and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of theinvention and are also disclosed.

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter withreference to specific embodiments of the invention. Indeed, theinvention can be embodied in many different forms and should not beconstrued as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicablelegal requirements.

FIGS. 1-25 show an example of a mechanical esophageal displacementsystem 1 in accordance with the present disclosure for mechanicallydisplacing an esophagus during a medical procedure via vacuum suctionadherence of a segment of the esophagus. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 5, theexample mechanical esophageal displacement system 1 includes an assembly5 and an esophageal positioning device 13, in which the assembly 5 isoperatively coupleable to a vacuum system (not shown). In someembodiments, the assembly 5 is a disposable component of the mechanicalesophageal displacement system 1, in which the assembly 5 includes oneor more disposable pieces that can be removed and or replaced after amedical procedure. As will be discussed in further detail below, in someembodiments the esophageal positioning device 13 includes a handle 105,a first segment 110, a second segment 115, an articulation pivot pin 16,and an articulation driving mechanism 120. The first segment 110 and thesecond segment 115 may be linear structures for example.

FIGS. 2-5, 13, 25 show an example of an assembly 5 that is disposable inaccordance with the present disclosure. The example assembly 5 includesan introducer 2 that is sized to receive the esophageal positioningdevice 13. The esophageal positioning device 13 may be a reusablecomponent of the system 1, which is to be inserted into the lumen of theintroducer 2 after the introducer is advanced down the esophagus of apatient 37. In some embodiments, however, the introducer 2 and theesophageal positioning device 13 are manufactured as a single device,and the single piece assembly 5 may be disposable or designed to besterilized for repeated uses. The patient 37 may be a human or otheranimal.

As shown in FIG. 5, the introducer 2 includes a soft outer tube 125. Insome embodiments the soft outer tube 125 is cylindrical. The soft outertube 125 is sized such that it may pass through a mouth or nasal passageinto an esophagus. The soft outer tube 125 includes a distal end 130, aproximal end 135, a lumen 137, and a body 140. In some embodiments thebody 140 includes a contiguous inner surface 145. The body 140 of theouter tube includes a perforated outer surface 150 and along the lengthof the outer tube, and one or more internal vacuum passages 21 (seeFIGS. 4 and 25) that extend a distance from the proximal end 135 towardsthe distal end 130 within the body 140 of the outer tube 125. In someembodiments, the perforated outer surface 150 includes a plurality ofvacuum holes 3 spaced circumferentially around, and extending radiallyfrom, the soft outer tube 125, as seen in FIGS. 1-3. Because theplurality of vacuum holes 3 are spaced circumferentially around the softouter tube 125, the plurality of vacuum holes 3 are located on multiplesides of the tube 125 and can suction the esophagus from multipledirections. The one or more internal vacuum passages 21 are in fluidcommunication with the plurality of vacuum holes 3 to apply a vacuum toan esophageal wall via the vacuum system. The outer tube 125, orportions thereof, can be made of, for example, a soft polymer likepolyvinyl chloride (PVC) or silicone. The outer tube 125 is flexibleenough to not add unnecessary stiffness to the system 1 to which theesophageal positioning device 13 would need to overcome, but not tooflexible such that the outer tube 125 bunches up while inserting theintroducer 2 into the esophagus. In some embodiments, the outer tube 125includes a lubricious material coating (e.g., hydro-glide) to facilitateintroduction into the esophagus and to minimize esophageal trauma.

While the outer tube 125 can be made of a single material, in someembodiments, a multi-durometer outer tube 125 is made of more than onematerial to achieve a desired stiffness at different portions along theouter tube 125. In some embodiments, the distal end 130 is made of astiffer material, for example, a combination of silicone andpolyurethane or other materials, while a portion between the distal end130 and the proximal end 135 that includes a plurality of radial vacuumholes 3 is made of a more pliable material. The stiffer distal end 130better facilitates introduction of the soft outer tube 125 into theesophagus. The more pliable material of the portion containing theplurality of radial vacuum holes 3 allow this portion of the soft outertube 125 to collapse, creating a smaller diameter of the soft outer tube125 and enhancing the collapse of the esophagus. Consequently, thismoves the esophagus further away from the heart and provides bettercircumferential adherence of the esophagus to the soft outer tube 125.

In some embodiments, the assembly 5 could include a telescopingmechanism on at least a portion of the device to facilitate entry of thedevice into the esophagus. Once in the desired location within theesophagus, the telescoping portion could extend to deploy the entiredevice.

As noted above, a segment of the esophagus may be adhered to theintroducer 2 via vacuum suction. To that end, the perforated outersurface 150 of the introducer 2 can include a plurality of radial vacuumholes 3 which may be positioned at various locations about the outersurface 150. In some embodiments, the plurality or radial vacuum holes 3are positioned along the outer surface 150 starting at about betweenthree to five inches from a tube tip 4 and span a length of about twoinches from the starting location. The plurality of holes 3 are designedto be in fluid communication with the one or more internal vacuumpassages 21 such that a vacuum system can create a vacuum between anesophageal wall and the outer tube 125 when the vacuum is coupled to theassembly 5 and turned on. Fluid communication may be direct or indirect.In some embodiments, the one or more internal vacuum passages 21 extendtowards but not to the distal end 130. For example, in some embodimentsthe one or more internal vacuum passages 21 extend up to but not pastthe location of the most distal of the radial vacuum holes 3. In someembodiments, the one or more internal vacuum passages 21 extend throughthe entire length of the body 140. In some embodiments, the one or moreinternal vacuum passage 21 comprises one or more cylindrical rings thateach or together define a cavity that are axially aligned with the lumen137 (not shown). In some embodiments, the body 140 does not include oneor more internal vacuum passages 21, but rather the plurality of radialvacuum holes 3 are in fluid communication with the lumen 137 and thevacuum is applied to the lumen 137 to create a vacuum between theesophageal wall and the outer tube 125. Any suitable vacuum system maybe used that is able to provide sufficient suction to adhere a portionof the outer tube 125 to a portion of the esophageal wall. One suitableexample vacuum system is a vacuum pump that provides a suction of 300millimeters of mercury. In some embodiments, the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system 1 includes a feedback mechanism, such as amanometer, to confirm that a vacuum seal has been formed along theesophagus by measuring the change in pressure in the system.

As shown in FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 13, the introducer 2 can include a tubetip 4 located at the distal end 130 of the outer tube 125. In someembodiments the tube tip 4 comprises a hard polymer tip having a soft,circular contour, in which the tip is bonded to the distal end 130 ofthe outer tube 125, in which the tube tip 4 is a closed structure. Thetube tip 4 is shaped to not harm the esophagus as the tube tip 4 isdesigned to be in direct contact with the esophageal passageway. Thetube tip 4 may comprise a half dome shape for example. In someembodiments, the tube tip 4 is a closed structure and not luminal.

As shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 13, the assembly 5 can further includes avacuum port 155 comprising a vacuum port body 6 and a vacuum port cap 7.In some embodiments, the vacuum port cap 7 is a hard polymer cap that isbonded to the vacuum port body 6. The vacuum port cap 7 can furtherinclude a snap feature geometry and a quick release hinge mechanism (notshown) in order to couple and de-couple the handle of the esophagealpositioning device 13 to the proximal end 135 of the outer tube 125. Insome embodiments, the vacuum port body 6 includes a vacuum line hook up170 that is in fluid communication with the one or more internal vacuumpassages 21. The vacuum port body 6 may be bonded to both the introducer2 and the vacuum port cap 7 to create an air tight seal. In someembodiments, the body 6 further includes a vacuum port valve and a lever(not shown), in which the lever may control the vacuum system.

In some embodiments, the introducer 2 further includes a plurality ofradiopaque markers (not shown) located proximal to a location 180 wherethe pivot pin 16 would reside within the introducer 2. In someembodiments, the plurality of radiopaque markers span distally along orwithin the outer tube 125 of the introducer 2 from the location 180 ofabout where the pivot pin 16 would reside to the location of the tubetip 4. In some embodiments the plurality of radiopaque markers span adistance of about four to six centimeters from the tube tip 4. In someembodiments the radiopaque markers are throughout the outer tube 125.

As noted above, in some embodiments the esophageal positioning device 13includes a handle 105, a first segment 110, a second segment 115, anarticulation pivot pin 16, and an articulation driving mechanism 120. Insome embodiments, the second segment 115 is sized to displace theesophageal wall by about 4 centimeters upon articulation. In someembodiments the second segment 115 is between four to six centimeterslong. As shown in FIGS. 4-21, the second segment 115 may comprise adistal band laminate assembly 12, a distal band guard 8, and a distalpivot retainer 14, in which the distal band assembly 12 houses aplurality of distal bands 185. As shown in FIGS. 7-8, the distal bandguard 8 retains the distal band assembly 12 at a distal end 190 by a pin9 that passes through the plurality of distal bands 185. The distal bandassembly 12 may be made from various suitable materials, including forexample, 300 or 400 series stainless steel or a hard polymer. Theplurality of distal bands 185 may be made from spring steel for example.The distal pivot retainer 14 may be made of 300 or 400 series stainlesssteel or 17-4 stainless steel for example. The plurality of distal bands185 may be assembled to the distal pivot retainer 14 by welding, usingpins or bonding. The distal bands 185 may be rigidly attached to thedistal pivot retainer 14 as the bands 185 are free to flex at the distalend 190.

As shown in FIGS. 7-8, in some embodiments, all but one of the distalbands 185 has a slot 195 at a distal end as to not interfere with thepin when the bands are being flexed. One distal band 10, either the topor outer band, includes a hole 200 rather than a slot 195, in which thehole 200 restricts the band 10 from sliding when the plurality of distalbands 185 are being flexed. The hole 200 further assists with locatingthe plurality of distal bands 185 of the distal band assembly 12. Insome embodiments the distal guard 8 has a rounded tip 205 that is freeof sharp edges to prevent damage to the outer soft tube 125 duringinsertion.

As shown in FIGS. 10-24, in some embodiments, the first segment 110includes a proximal pivot retainer 15, an articulation drive cable 18,and a proximal band laminate assembly 19. The proximal band assembly 19includes a plurality of proximal bands 210. The proximal pivot retainer15 houses the proximal laminate band assembly 19. The proximal bands 210can be rigidly attached to the proximal pivot retainer 15 as theproximal bands 210 are free to flex at a proximal end 215 in the handle105. In some embodiments, the proximal pivot retainer 15 limits thedistal pivot retainer 14 from articulating more than a selected angle toeach side, for example 45 degrees, to prevent risk of damage to theesophagus due to excessive translation.

As shown in FIGS. 14-15, the proximal band laminate assembly 19 mayprovide stiffness in a direction 220 that is normal to the direction ofthe esophageal pathway (FIG. 15) while maintaining flexibility in thedirection 225 of the esophageal pathway. Flexibility may be maintainedthrough the use of thin bands that are stacked on one and other (FIG.14) to form a body that is think in the direction of the normal forceprovided by the esophagus (FIG. 15).

Similar to the distal band assembly 12, the proximal band laminateassembly 19 may be made from various suitable materials, including forexample, 300 or 400 series stainless steel or a hard polymer. Theplurality of proximal bands 210 may be made from spring steel forexample. The articulation pivot pin 16 may be made from a 300 or 400series stainless steel or 17-4 stainless steel, for example. Thearticulation pivot pin 16 connects both the distal pivot retainer 14 andproximal pivot retainer 15 and allows them to pivot. The articulationpivot pin 16 may be pressure fit into the proximal pivot retainer 15 andheld in a loose fit by the distal pivot retainer 14.

As shown in FIGS. 10-12, and 17-20, in some embodiments the mechanicalesophageal displacement system 1 further includes an articulation drivecable 18. This cable 18 can transmit an input force by a user from thehandle 105 to the articulation pivot pin 16 to articulate the secondsegment 110 left or right 45 degrees from the neutral position whereinthe distal band assembly 12 and the proximal band assembly 19 areparallel to each other. In some embodiments, the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system 1 includes a feedback mechanism that measures anddisplays the distance the device is articulated from its neutralposition. In some embodiments, the cable 18 is approximately 0.024″ indiameter and is made of a braided stainless steel or polymers such asUHMWPE, a liquid crystal polymer, or other high strength braided ormonofilament polymers. In some embodiments, the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system 1 further includes an articulation cable crimp 17.As shown in FIGS. 16-20, the cable crimp 17 can be a small ball,compressed and friction fit onto a stainless steel braided cable 18.This crimp 17 provides a feature on the cable 18 that can interface withthe distal pivot retainer 14 when pulled to the left or right in orderto articulate the system 1. The ball may be compressed and friction fitonto the articulation cable 18 to provide an interfacing surface. Insome embodiments, the articulation drive cable 18 is coupled to thedistal pivot retainer 14 by welding in addition to or as an alternativeto a cable crimp 17. Other types of mechanical of chemical fasters maybe used to operatively couple the articulation drive cable 18 to thedistal pivot retainer 18, such as being integrally formed, chemicallybonded, or mechanically or magnetically joined.

In some embodiments, the mechanical esophageal displacement system 1further includes a plurality of proximal band cable guides 20 that guidethe articulation cable 18 from the handle 105 to the articulation pivotpin 16, wherein the plurality of proximal band cable guides 20 areevenly spaced along the plurality of proximal bands 210. The proximalband cable guides 20 may be welded or bonded to one or more of theproximal bands 210 so as to keep the proximal bands 210 aligned whilestill allowing the bands 210 to slip and translate independently whenbent. The proximal band cable guides 20 assist with guiding thearticulation drive cables 18 down the length of the esophagealpositioning device 13. The proximal band cable guides 20 provideadditional stiffness and structure to the proximal band laminateassembly 19 while still allowing the laminate band assembly 19 to bend.

As shown in FIGS. 1, 9, 13, 22-24, the handle 105 of the esophagealpositioning device 13 may include a variety of components. As shown inFIG. 22, in some embodiments the handle 105 includes a two piece outerhousing comprising an articulation handle case half 22 and a lockinghandle case half 23. In some embodiments, the articulation handle casehalf 22 may be made of a polymer or metal, and may be approximately 1.9″in diameter and approximately 5″ long, for example. The articulationhandle case half 22 may house the plurality of proximal bands 185, thearticulation drive mechanism 120 as well as an articulation control knob25. In some embodiments, the locking handle case half 23 may made of apolymer or metal, and may be approximately 1.9″ in diameter andapproximately 5″ long, for example. The locking handle case half 23 mayhouse the proximal bands 185, the articulation drive mechanism 120, anda locking control knob 24. The locking control knob 24 may be twisted toadd friction to the system 1 as well as to completely lock the system 1at a selected articulation angle. Twisting the locking control knob 25in the opposite direction frees the articulation drive mechanism 120 toallow the articulation driving mechanism 120 to move freely. The knob 24may be approximately one inch in overall diameter, for example. Thearticulation control knob 25 may be rotated in a first or seconddirection. In some embodiments, rotating the control knob in a clockwisedirection may articulate the tube tip 4 of the assembly 5 to the rightwhile rotating the control knob 25 counter clockwise may articulate thetube tip 4 of the assembly 5. The diameter of the articulation controlknob 25 may be approximately two inches for example. As such, thearticulating control knob 25 may articulate the second segment 115 tothe right when rotated in a first direction and articulate the secondsegment 115 to the left when rotated in a second direction.

As shown in FIG. 22, the handle 105 of the esophageal positioning device13 may include one or more snap hooks 26 that are located on thearticulation handle case half 22 and or on the locking handle case half23. The snap hooks 26 can be used to interface and couple the handle 105to the vacuum port cap 7 of the assembly 5.

As shown in FIG. 23-24, the handle 105 of the esophageal positioningdevice 13 may include a top handle band retainer 27, a bottom handleband retainer 28, a pulley gear 29, a cable pulley 30, an input gear 31,a proximal band handle retainer pin 32, a locking cone clutch 33, anarticulation input shaft 34, an articulation input shaft bushing 35, andan articulation pulley shaft bushing 36, for example.

In some embodiments, the top and bottom handle band retainers 27, 28house the proximal end 215 of the plurality of proximal bands 185 viapin, hole, and slot features of the proximal bands 185 to allow thebands 185 to translate while bending. The top and bottom retainers 27,28 may be made of a polymer or aluminum, for example. The top and bottomretainers 27, 28 may be held in place together by ribs 230 found on thearticulation handle case half 22 and on the locking handle case half 23.

In some embodiments, pulley gear 29 comprises a large gear that isattached to the cable pulley 30 via two pins. In some embodiments, thepulley gear 29 is concentric with the locking control knob 24 and apulley shaft 235. In some embodiments, the pulley gear 29 isapproximately two to three times larger in diameter than the diameter ofthe input gear 31.

In some embodiments, the articulation cables 18 are attached to thecable pulley 30 with the right side cable 18 being attached to a toppulley hole 250. The articulation cable 18 may be routed around the pinsof the cable pulley 30.

In some embodiments, the input gear 31 is a small gear that is attachedto an articulation control knob shaft 255 and to the pulley gear 29. Theinput gear 31 is used to lower the amount of input torque required bythe user of the system 1 when articulating the esophageal positioningdevice 13. The input torque may be lowered by a factor of two to three,for example, based on a given ratio of input gear 31 to pulley gear 29.As such, in some embodiments the operator does not need to, or isrestricted from, exerting more than 80 ounces per inch of torque tocontrol the knobs 24, 25. For example, in some embodiments, a failsafemechanism may be employed such that the articulation control knob 25becomes locked upon an operator exerting a preset torque (e.g., morethan 80 ounces per inch) to the articulation control knob 25. Thelockout of the knob 25 may thus assist in avoiding injury to theoperator.

In some embodiments, the proximal band handle retainer pin 32 interfaceswith the proximal band laminate assembly 19, and the top and bottomhandle band retainers 27, 28 to hold the proximal bands 185 in place.The proximal band handle retainer pin 32 align parts of the top andbottom handle band retainer 27, 28, when assembled together. The retainpin 32 aligns with the slots in the proximal bands 185 except for one,which allows the bands 185 to slip past one another when bending.

In some embodiments, the locking cone clutch 33 may be attached to thelocking control knob 24 via a screw 260 and interfering ribs 265. Thelocking cone clutch 33 may include threads on an outer diameter thatinterface with threads of the locking handle case half 23. When thelocking knob 24 is twisted, for example when twisted clockwise, thelocking cone clutch 33 moves inward and interferes with a cone shaft onthe cable pulley 30, which effectively slows and or locks the cablepulley 30 in its current position.

In some embodiments, the articulation input shaft 34 has a flat facethat is, for example, D-shaped. The flattened face allows for interfacewith the input gear 31 via a set screw. The input shaft 34 may beapproximately 0.25 inches in diameter for example. In some embodiments,the articulation input shaft bushing 35 allows the articulating inputshaft 34 to freely spin. Similarly, in some embodiments, thearticulation pulley shaft bushing 36 allows the articulating pulleyshaft 34 to freely spin. The articulating input shaft bushing 35 and thearticulating pulley shaft bushing 36 further assist in maintainingappropriate alignment of the handle 105 components.

In some embodiments, the esophageal positioning device 13 includes aclutch and or a force gauge system to limit the torque that may beexerted by a user. In some embodiments, a sensor (e.g., a thermistor ortemperature sensor) is located at the distal end 190 of the esophagealpositioning device 13. In some embodiments, the esophageal positioningdevice 13 includes multiple sensors (e.g., thermistors and/ortemperature sensors) along the device to allow the measuring oftemperature simultaneously at varied anatomic positions of theesophagus. In some embodiments, the thermistor, temperature, or othersensor is operatively connected to a computer, in which the computerdisplays a virtual image of the introducer 2 and or the esophagealpositioning device 13 via a mapping screen. In some embodiments, thethermistor, temperature, or other sensor is used to display the devicein a real-time imaging display (e.g., MRI, ultrasound (intracardiac,transesophageal, or transthoracic) or CT imaging), so to achievethree-dimensional imaging of the anatomy and the device. In someembodiments, the introducer 2 or the esophageal positioning device 13includes a port to receive a gastrograffin injection or other materialused to outline and visualize the esophagus on an x-ray. In someembodiments a ratcheting articulation control is provided such that oneclick of the ratcheting articulation control knob in a counter clockwisedirection could causes 15 degrees of articulation to the left or 1.5 cmof translation to the left depending on which is desirable for theoperator. In some embodiments audible clicks are provided as feedback tothe operator as to the mount of tension being deliver to a knob. In someembodiments, a safety release mechanism is incorporated into theesophageal positioning device 13 so to prevent excessive force upon theesophagus.

In some embodiments, the esophageal positioning device 13 includes otherimaging devices for use with visualizing techniques. Such imagingdevices can include, for example, a fiber optic light source with acamera, ultrasound imaging (e.g., Doppler), etc. These imaging devicescan be used to visualize the esophagus before, during, and afterapplication of ablation energy and at other times during the procedure.The ultrasound imaging can be used, for example, to visualize andmeasure through the esophagus to view intracardiac objects such ascatheters, transseptal techniques/equipment, evaluation of intracardiacthrombi, evaluation of intracardiac defects such as an atrial septaldefect, visualize/measure pulmonary vein devices, visualize/measuremapping devices (e.g., multi-electrode baskets), visualize/measure theleft atrial appendage and left atrial appendage closure devices,visualize/measure devices placed inside the pericardium, and othercardiac related products.

In some embodiments the band laminates of the distal or proximal bandassemblies 12, 19 have differing widths. FIG. 25 shows an example of aproximal band assembly 19 having proximal bands 210 having differingwidths. The widths of the distal or proximal bands 185, 210 can beshaped to maximize stiffness depending on profile shape of the outertube 125 of the introducer 2. For example, if the profile shape theouter tube 125 of the introducer 2 is circular, the distal or proximalbands 185, 210 may be cut such that the profile of the bands 185, 210take the shape of a circle. The use of differing widths can provide amore space efficient interaction between the bands 185, 210 and theouter tube of the introducer 2 or cable band guide 20. Moreover, cuttingthe bands of the proximal assembly 19 (or distal assembly 12) indifferent widths may increases the stiffness of the system 1 as theamount of material that is in contact with the inner surface of theouter tube or cable band guide 20 is increased.

Although many materials are disclosed for the various parts of theassembly 5, in some embodiments, all parts of the assembly 5 are made ofnon-ferrous materials to allow for use with advanced mapping systems orin an MRI procedure room.

Also provided are methods of using a mechanical esophageal displacementsystem 1. An example method includes inserting an assembly 5 into anesophagus of a patient 37 via a mouth or nasal passage (FIG. 13). Theassembly 5 includes an introducer 2 having a soft cyclical outer tube125, a vacuum port 155, and a tube tip 4. The soft outer tube 125 beingsized to pass through a mouth or nasal passage of a patient into anesophagus, in which the soft outer tube 125 includes a distal end 130, aproximal end 135, a lumen 137 (see FIGS. 4 and 25), and a body 140. Thebody 140 of the outer tube 125 includes a perforated outer surface 150,and one or more internal vacuum passages 21 that extend a distance fromthe proximal end 135 towards the distal end 130 within the body 140 ofthe outer tube 125. In some embodiments, the perforated outer surface150 includes a plurality of vacuum holes 3 spaced circumferentiallyaround, and extending radially from, the soft outer tube 125, as seen inFIGS. 1-3. Because the plurality of vacuum holes 3 are spacedcircumferentially around the soft outer tube 125, the plurality ofvacuum holes 3 are located on multiple sides of the tube 125 and cansuction the esophagus from multiple directions. The one or more internalvacuum passages 21 are in fluid communication with the plurality ofvacuum holes 3 to apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall via the vacuumsystem. The tube tip 4 being located at the distal end 130 of the outertube 125. The vacuum port 155 includes a vacuum port body 6, a vacuumline hook up 170, and a vacuum port cap 7. In some embodiments, the bodyincludes a contiguous inner surface 145.

The example method further includes advancing an esophageal positioningdevice 13 through the outer tube of the introducer 2, in which theesophageal positioning device 13 includes a handle 105, a first segment110, a second segment 115, an articulation pivot pin 16, and anarticulation driving mechanism 120. The first segment 120 being coupledto the handle 105. The second segment 115 being pivotally connected tothe first segment 110 via the articulation pivot pin 16. Thearticulation driving mechanism 120 being configured to pivot the secondsegment 115 about the first segment 110 upon articulation.

The example method further includes snapping the handle 105 of theesophageal positioning device 13 to the vacuum port cap 7 of theintroducer 2, engaging the vacuum system to adhere a portion of theouter tube 125 to an esophageal wall, and articulating the articulationdriving mechanism 120 to pivot the second segment 115 about the firstsegment 110 to a selected angle, for example an angle of about 45degrees.

FIG. 26 shows another example mechanical esophageal displacement systemin accordance with the present disclosure. The mechanical esophagealdisplacement system includes a flexible coil 410 wrapped around aportion of the esophageal displacement device. Similar to the embodimentfound in FIG. 1 above, the example mechanical esophageal displacementsystem of FIG. 26 can displace the esophagus about 4 centimeters, forexample, 3.992 centimeters.

FIG. 27 is a perspective, zoomed in view of the example mechanicalesophageal displacement system of FIG. 26. The view highlights anarticulation pin that is operatively coupled to a coil to articulate thesegments of the esophageal positioning device about the pin. FIG. 28 isa top, zoomed in view of the example mechanical esophageal displacementsystem of FIG. 26, in which the view highlights example dimensions.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure. Similarto the embodiment found in FIG. 1 above, the example mechanicalesophageal displacement system of FIG. 29 includes pulleys and cables toarticulate the respective segments of the esophageal positioning device.

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of an example assembly of the mechanicalesophageal displacement system of FIG. 29. The view shows an outer tube125 having a long tail 412 with radiopaque markers 414.

FIG. 31 is perceptive, cross sectional view of a portion of themechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 29. The viewhighlights vacuum passages 21 and holes of the assembly.

FIG. 32 is a front view of a portion of the mechanical esophagealdisplacement system of FIG. 29. The view highlights the connectionbetween the segments of the esophageal positioning device. The viewincludes a clevis 515, pin 516, cable 518, crimp 517, welds 518, and top514 and bottom 516 pulley halves.

FIG. 33 is a perceptive view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure. The viewshows an esophageal positioning device having a fishing rod 610, eyelets612, a cinch wire 614, and cables 618, in which the cables house ananchor 616.

FIG. 34 is a perceptive, cross sectional view of another examplemechanical esophageal displacement system in accordance with the presentdisclosure. The mechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 34includes an esophageal displacement device that rotates to compress aspring 710 operatively coupled to the assembly.

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure. In FIG. 35, the assembly includes a tube825 having a collapsible portion 810, in which the collapsible portion810 can be actuated by guide wires and/or vacuum pressure.

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure. Themechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 36 includes anesophageal displacement device that provides articulation via shafts910, 912, a right-hand threaded rod 914, and a left-hand threaded rod916, wherein the right-hand threaded rod 914 and a left-hand threadedrod 916 are coupled together axially. When a cable 920 connected to theleft-hand threaded rod is rotated, threaded openings 922, 924 in shafts910, 912, respectively, are moved up and down the threaded rods 914,916, tilting an articulation plate 918 hingedly connected to theopposite ends of the shafts 910, 912.

FIG. 37 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure. Themechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 37 includes a geardrive 1010 that provides articulation via a worm gear 1012.

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure. Themechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 38 includes a geardrive 1110 that provides articulation via a leaf spring 1112.

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure. In FIG. 39, the assembly includes an outertube 1210, similar to outer tube 125, made of a material that deforms toa particular shape when wet.

FIG. 40 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure. Themechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 40 includes a top 1310and bottom section 1312 that are matched together via a set of axialridges 1314, 1316, respectively, in which the axial ridges 1314, 1316prevent rotation. The top 1310 and bottom sections 1312 are connectedloosely via a wire 1318. The bottom section 1312 is locked into placewhen the wire 1318 is pulled up.

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of another example mechanical esophagealdisplacement system in accordance with the present disclosure. Themechanical esophageal displacement system of FIG. 40 includes anesophageal displacement device having two pieces 1410, 1412 havingangled faces 1414, 1416, respectively, in which the angle between of thetwo pieces 1410, 1412, changes from being aligned to being perpendicularupon rotation.

FIG. 42 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure. The assembly of FIG. 42 includes a strawlike tube 1510 that has a flexible portion 1512 only on one side 1514,thus the vacuum when applied causes the one side 1514 of the assembly todeflect.

FIG. 43 is a perspective view of another example assembly in accordancewith the present disclosure. The assembly of FIG. 43 includes a gelliquid portion 1610 that causes the assembly to deflect in a givendirection.

FIG. 44 shows an assembly 1705 for use with a vacuum system (not shown)and an esophageal positioning device 1713, according to anotherimplementation. The assembly 1705 includes an introducer 1702 and ahandle 105.

The assembly 1705 shown in FIG. 44 is similar to the assemblies in theembodiments shown in FIGS. 1-43. Thus, similar reference numbers tothose used for the assemblies shown in FIGS. 1-43 are used to indicatesimilar features included in the assembly 1705 shown in FIG. 44. Theesophageal positioning device 13 of assembly 1705 is the same as theesophageal positioning device 13 shown in FIGS. 1-43. The esophagealpositioning device 13 of assembly 1705 includes a first segment 110 anda second segment 115. The first segment 110 has a proximal end 111coupled to the handle, a distal end 113 distal to and spaced apart fromthe proximal end 111, and a central axis 121 extending from the proximalend 111 to the distal end 113. The second segment 115 has a proximal end117 pivotally connected to the distal end 113 of the first segment 110by a pivot pin 16 and a distal end 119 distal to and spaced apart fromthe proximal end 117 of the second segment 115. In some implementations,the length of the second segment 115 as measured from the proximal end117 to the distal end 119 is 40 mm or more.

The second segment 115 is pivotable about the pivot pin 16 between afirst position and a second position. In the first position, the distalend 119 of the second segment 115 is disposed along the central axis 121of the first segment 110, and in the second position, the distal end 119of the second segment 115 is displaced from the central axis 121.

As with the esophageal positioning devices 13 shown in FIGS. 1-43, thefirst segment 110 of the esophageal positioning device 13 shown in FIG.44 includes a proximal band assembly 19, and the second segment 115includes a distal band assembly 12. The distal band assembly 12 includesa plurality of distal bands 185 in which the distal ends 190 of thebands 185 are slidable along the central axis 121 relative to eachother.

The introducer 1702 includes a soft outer tube 125 sized to pass througha mouth or nasal passage into an esophagus. The outer tube 125 includesa proximal end 135, a distal end 130 distal to and spaced apart from theproximal end 135, a body 140 extending between the proximal end 135 anddistal end 130, and a longitudinal axis 141 extending along the body 140from the proximal end 135 to the distal end 130. The introducer 1702also includes a tube tip 4 located at the distal end 130 of the outertube 125. The introducer 1702 further includes a plurality of eyelets143 extending radially outward from the outer tube 125. Each of theeyelets 143 shown in FIG. 44 defines an eyelet opening 147. The eyeletopenings 147 of each of the one or more eyelets 143 are axially alignedwith each other along the outer tube 125 such that a wire, cable, ortube can be disposed within each of the eyelet openings 147. The eyelets143 couple the wire, cable, or tube to the outer tube 125 to providecommunication with a device disposed on the assembly.

The outer tube 125 is sized such that the esophageal positioning device13 is insertable into the introducer 1702. As shown in FIG. 44, when theesophageal positioning device 13 is disposed into the introducer 1702, agap portion 131 of the body 140 of the outer tube 125 is defined alongthe longitudinal axis 141 between the tube tip 4 of the introducer 1702and the distal end 119 of the second segment 115 of the esophagealpositioning device 13. The body 140 of the outer tube 125 has an endportion 133 as measured along the longitudinal axis 141 from the tubetip 4 to the pivotal connection between the first segment 110 and thesecond segment 115 of the esophageal positioning device 13 when theesophageal positioning 13 device is disposed within the introducer 1702.

In the implementation shown in FIG. 44, the length of the gap portion131 of the outer tube 125 as measured along the longitudinal axis 141 is28 mm. However, in other implementations, the length of the gap portionof the outer tube as measured along the longitudinal axis is from 25 mmto 30 mm. In some implementations, the length of the gap portion of theouter tube as measured along the longitudinal axis is from 10 mm to 30mm.

The body 140 defines a plurality of radial vacuum holes 3 spacedcircumferentially around the longitudinal axis 141. The plurality ofradial vacuum holes 3 is in fluid communication with the vacuum systemto apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall. Only the end portion 133 of thebody 140 of the outer tube 125 defines the plurality of radial vacuumholes 3. The radial vacuum holes 3 in the body 140 of the outer tube 125shown in FIG. 44 are arranged in eight rings of eight circumferentiallyspaced vacuum holes 3. However, in other implementations, the rings ofcircumferentially spaced vacuum holes include any number ofcircumferentially spaced vacuum holes. In some implementations, therings of circumferentially spaced vacuum holes include any number ofcircumferentially spaced vacuum holes. In some implementations, thedifferent rings of circumferentially spaced vacuum holes includedifferent numbers of circumferentially spaced vacuum holes. In someimplementations, the plurality of vacuum holes are not arranged in ringsand are arranged in any pattern.

The gap portion 131 of the outer tube 125 shown in FIG. 44 defines threeof the eight rings of circumferentially spaced vacuum holes 3. As seenin FIG. 44, the distances, as measured along the longitudinal axis 141,between adjacent rings of circumferentially spaced vacuum holes 3 varyalong the outer tube 125. The distances between adjacent rings ofcircumferentially spaced vacuum holes 3 defined by the gap portion 131are the shortest distances between adjacent rings of vacuum holes 3defined by the body 140 of the outer tube 125. Thus, the gap portion 131defines the highest density of radial vacuum holes 3 of any portion ofthe body 140 of the outer tube 125 of the introducer 1702.

In use, the introducer 1702 of the assembly 1705 is inserted into thenose or mouth of a patient and advanced into the esophagus, and theesophageal positioning device 13 is advanced through the outer tube 125of the introducer 1702. In some implementations, after the introducer1702 and esophageal positioning device 13 are advanced to a desiredlocation in the esophagus, a contrast fluid is introduced through theintroducer 1702 such that the contrast fluid flows through the vacuumholes 3. The contrast fluid can be detected by X-ray or fluoroscopy todetermine the position of the assembly 1705 in the esophagus. Once theintroducer 1702 and esophageal positioning device 13 are in the desiredposition in the esophagus of the patient, the vacuum system is engaged.The vacuum system creates a suction force in the vacuum holes 3 of theintroducer 1702, causing a portion of the outer tube 125 to adhere tothe esophageal wall. The second segment 115 of the esophagealpositioning device 13 is then articulated about the first segment 110from an initial position to a second position such that a portion of theesophagus is displaced a desired distance. Because the esophageal wallis adhered to the introducer 1702, the entire esophagus is able to bemoved.

The spacing and location of the vacuum holes 3 defined by the introducer1702 increase the ability of the vacuum holes 3 to adhere to and gatherthe esophageal wall. Because the vacuum holes 3 are spacedcircumferentially around the introducer 1702, the vacuum holes 3 areable to adhere to the entire circumferential area of a portion of theesophageal wall. This pulls in and gathers the esophageal wall againstthe introducer 1702 to ensure that the entire portion of the esophagusis being displaced upon articulation of the second segment 115 withoutdragging an unadhered tailing edge of the esophagus behind it.

During articulation of the second segment 115, the distal end 119 of thesecond segment 115 is the portion of the esophageal positioning device13 that is displaced the furthest and is subject to the highest amountof torque. Thus, it is important that the esophagus be tightly adheredto the introducer 1702 adjacent the distal end 119 of the second segment115 to provide optimal grip. The gap portion 131 of the introducer 1702shown in FIG. 44 is designed to include the highest density of vacuumholes 3 along the introducer 1702. When the esophageal positioningdevice 13 is inserted into the introducer 1702, the second segment 115of the esophageal positioning device 13 does not extend into the gapportion 131 of the introducer 1702. When suction is applied to theintroducer 1702, the suction causes the introducer 1702 to collapse. Theportions of the introducer 1702 that contain the esophageal positioningdevice 13 are limited in how far these portions can collapse by the sizeof the bands in the esophageal positioning device 13. However, the gapportion 131 is able to radially collapse further than the portions ofthe introducer 1702 that contain the esophageal positioning device 13.Because the gap portion 131 defines the highest density of vacuum holes3, the esophageal wall can be gathered more tightly and into a smallerarea by the vacuum holes 3 defined by the gap portion 131 of theintroducer 1702. The collapsibility of the gap portion 131 of theintroducer 1702 and the high density of vacuum holes 3 defined by thegap portion 131 of the introducer 1702 ensure that the esophagus isadhered to the end of the introducer 1702 tightly.

The higher density of vacuum holes 3 defined by the gap portion 131 alsoallows a greater amount of contrast fluid to flow through the gapportion 131 of the introducer 1702. When viewed through X-ray orfluoroscopy, the greater amount of contrast fluid entering into theportion of the esophagus in the vicinity of the gap portion 131 allowsthe end of the introducer 1702, where the gap portion 131 is located, tobe more easily detected.

FIG. 45 shows another implementation of an assembly 1805 including anintroducer 1802. The assembly shown in FIG. 45 is similar to theassembly 1705 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 44. Thus, similarreference numbers to those used for the assembly 1705 shown in FIG. 44are used to indicate similar features included in the assembly 1805shown in FIG. 45. The gap portion 131 of the introducer 1802 shown inFIG. 45 defines a density of radial vacuum holes 3 that is highestadjacent the distal end 130 of the outer tube 125. The density of radialvacuum holes 3 gradually decreases along the longitudinal axis 141 in adirection from the distal end 130 of the outer tube 125 toward theproximal end 135 of the outer tube 125.

FIG. 46 shows another implementation of an assembly 1905 including anintroducer 1902. The assembly 1905 shown in FIG. 46 is similar to theassemblies 1705, 1805 in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 44-45. Thus,similar reference numbers to those used for the assemblies 1705, 1805shown in FIGS. 44-45 are used to indicate similar features included inthe assembly 1905 shown in FIG. 46. However, the introducer 1902 shownin FIG. 46 includes two occlusion balloons 149: a proximal balloon and adistal balloon. The occlusion balloons 149 are disposed on the outersurface of the body 140 of the outer tube 125 and are extendableradially outwardly from the outer tube 125. The proximal balloon 149 isdisposed adjacent a proximal end of the end portion 133 of the outertube 125 located at the pivotal connection between the first segment 110and the second segment 115 of the esophageal positioning device 13 whenthe esophageal positioning device 13 is disposed within the introducer1902. The distal balloon 149 is disposed adjacent a distal end of theend portion 133 of the outer tube 125. Thus, all of the vacuum holes 3are defined between the proximal balloon 149 and the distal balloon 149.

The assembly also includes two inflation tubes 151. Each inflation tube151 has a first end 153, a second end opposite 157 and spaced apart fromthe first end 153 of the inflation tube 151, and body 159 extending fromthe first end 153 of the inflation tube 151 to the second end 157 of theinflation tube 151. Each of the occlusion balloons 149 are coupled tothe second end 157 of one of the inflation tubes 151. The bodies 159 ofeach of the inflation tubes 151 extends through the eyelet openings 147of the eyelets 143 of the outer tube 125 such that the bodies 159 of theinflation tubes 151 are coupled to the body 140 of the outer tube 125.The inflation tubes 151 extend along the outer tube 125 such that thefirst ends 153 of the inflation tubes 151 are adjacent the proximal end135 of the outer tube 125. The first ends 153 of the inflation tubes 151are each coupled to a pump (not shown) for inflating the occlusionballoons 149. The pumps can be manual pumps or automatic pumps.

When the introducer 1702 and esophageal positioning device 13 aredisposed in the esophagus of a patient, the pumps are activated to causeair to flow from the pump, through the inflation tubes 151, and into theocclusion balloons 149. The occlusion balloons 149 are inflated suchthat the outer surface of the occlusion balloons 149 abut the inner wallof the esophagus and create a seal. Because all of the vacuum holes 3are defined by the end portion 133 of the outer tube 125 between theproximal balloon 149 and the distal balloon 149, the only portion of theesophagus that is introduced to suction by the vacuum holes 3 is theportion occluded by the occlusion balloons 149.

While some of the means for deflecting the assembly have been describedabove, it should be noted that the assembly can also be articulatedusing any other mean known in the art, including, for example, spring,fluid/air-filled container, magnets, etc.

Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have beendescribed in detail above, those skilled in the art will readilyappreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplaryembodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings andadvantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications areintended to be included within the scope of this invention, which isdefined in the following claims and all equivalents thereto. Further, itis recognized that many embodiments may be conceived that do not achieveall of the advantages of some embodiments, yet the absence of aparticular advantage shall not be construed to necessarily mean thatsuch an embodiment is outside the scope of the present invention.

Disclosed are materials, systems, devices, compositions, and componentsthat can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used inpreparation for, or are products of the disclosed methods, systems anddevices. These and other components are disclosed herein, and it isunderstood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc.of these components are disclosed that while specific reference of eachvarious individual and collective combinations and permutations of thesecomponents may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specificallycontemplated and described herein.

1.-10. (canceled)
 11. A mechanical esophageal displacement systemcomprising: an assembly that is to be operatively coupled to a vacuumsystem, the assembly comprising: an introducer sized to receive anesophageal positioning device, the introducer comprising: a soft outertube sized to pass through a mouth or nasal passage into an esophagus,the soft outer tube comprising a longitudinal axis, a distal end, aproximal end, and a body, wherein the body defines a plurality of radialvacuum holes spaced circumferentially around the longitudinal axis,wherein the plurality of vacuum holes are in fluid communication withthe vacuum system to apply a vacuum to an esophageal wall; and a tubetip located at the distal end of the outer tube; and the esophagealpositioning device, wherein the esophageal positioning device includes:a first segment; and a second segment having a central axis, a proximalend pivotally connected to the first segment and a distal end oppositeand spaced apart from the proximal end, the second segment beingpivotable about the first segment between a first position and a secondposition upon articulation, wherein a gap portion of the outer tube isdefined along the longitudinal axis between the tube tip of theintroducer and the distal end of the second segment of the esophagealpositioning device when the esophageal positioning device is disposedwithin the introducer, wherein the gap portion defines one or more ofthe radial vacuum holes, wherein the second segment comprises a distalband laminate assembly housing a plurality of distal bands in which thedistal ends of the bands are slidable along the central axis relative toeach other.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the gap portion definesa higher density of radial vacuum holes than any other portion of thebody of the introducer.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein a density ofradial vacuum holes is highest adjacent the distal end of the outertube, and the density of radial vacuum holes gradually decreases alongthe longitudinal axis in a direction from the distal end of the outertube toward the proximal end of the outer tube.
 14. The system of claim11, wherein the body of the outer tube has an end portion as measuredalong the longitudinal axis from the tube tip to the pivotal connectionbetween the first segment and the second segment of the esophagealpositioning device when the esophageal positioning device is disposedwithin the introducer, wherein only the end portion of the body of theouter tube defines the plurality of radial vacuum holes.
 15. The systemof claim 11, wherein a length of the gap portion of the outer tube asmeasured along the longitudinal axis is from 10 mm to 30 mm.
 16. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the length of the gap portion of the outertube as measured along the longitudinal axis is 28 mm.
 17. The system ofclaim 15, wherein a length of the second segment is 40 mm or more. 18.The system of claim 11, wherein the introducer further comprises one ormore eyelets extending radially outward from the outer tube, whereineach of the one or more eyelets defines an eyelet opening and the eyeletopenings of each of the one or more eyelets are axially aligned witheach other along the outer tube.
 19. The system of claim 11, wherein theintroducer further comprises one or more occlusion balloons extendingradially outward from the outer tube, the one or more occlusion balloonsbeing inflatable.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the one or moreocclusion balloons include a first occlusion balloon and a secondocclusion balloon, the first occlusion balloon being disposed at thedistal end of the outer tube and the second occlusion balloon beingdisposed at a portion of the outer tube that is adjacent the pivotalconnection between the first segment and the second segment of theesophageal positioning device when the esophageal positioning device isdisposed within the introducer. 21.-30. (canceled)